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- ¤½À諸¥¿«Ç¡Gªá¶é¬O¦oªº¨p²£¡A¦o°í«ùn¦¬¶O¤~Åý¦m¤l¨É¥Î¡C
- ¤½À諸¦m¤l¡Gªá¶é¬O¦@¥Îª««~¡AY¨C¦¸¦¬¶O¡A·|´î¤Ö¦o¨ìªá¶éªº¦¸¼Æ¡A¤£¯à¹F¦Ü¤À°t®Ä²v
(allocative efficiency) ¡An¹F¦Ü¤À°t®Ä²v«K¤£À³¦¬¶O¡C
- ¸gÀÙ¤j¦Ú¡G¥Ñ¤½Àï¥Hµ|¶µ¤ä¥I¦m¤l¨Ï¥Îªá¶é¡Aªá¶éªº¨Ï¥Î«K¥i¹F¦Ü¤À°t®Ä²v¡C
- ¤½Àï¡G¥Hµ|¶µ¤ä¥I¦³¥i¯à±a¨Ó¨ä¥Lªº¸ê·½¿ù°t¡C
°ª²y·|ªº¦¬¶O
º¡Ãh¤ß¨Æªº¤½Àï¨M©w¨ì°ª²y·|¡A¤@Ã䥴²y¡B¤@ÃäÀR«ä¡C°¸µM¤½Àïµo²{¥k¤èªº°ª²y·|«Å¶Ç®ü³ø¡A©ó¬O¥ß§Y¦^®c¥l¨Ó¸gÀÙ¤j¦Ú¬Ûij¡A¨Ã±N¤Uªí¦C¥X¡C
¦m¤l¨ìªá¶é¹Cª±ªº¦¸¼Æ (Q)
|
1
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2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
¦m¤l¨ìªá¶é¹Cª±ªºÃä»Ú»ùÈ (MV)
|
$40
|
$30
|
$20
|
$10
|
$0
|
©Û«Ý¦o¨ìªá¶éªºÃä»Ú¦¨¥» (MC)
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$0
|
$0
|
$0
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$0
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$0
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¤½Àï°Ý¸gÀÙ¤j¦Ú¡G¦pªGn¨D¦m¤l¤@¦¸¹Lú¥I $100 µ¹¥¿«Ç«á¡AÅý¦o¥ô·N¨ìªá¶é¹Cª±¦Ó¤£¥Î¦A¥I¨ä¥L¶O¥Î¡A¦m¤l·|¨ìªá¶éªº¦¸¼Æ¬O¦h¤Ö©O¡H
¸ÑÄÀ¡Gµª®×¬O 5 ¦¸¡C
¦m¤l¨ìªá¶é 5 ¦¸ ªº MV = 0¡A§Y¨ÏÅý¦o¥ô·N¨ìªá¶é¡A¦o³Ì¦h¤]¥u·|¨ì 5¦¸¡C¦m¤lªºÁ`»ùÈ
= 40 + 30 + 20 + 10 + 0
= $100
¦m¤l³Ì¦hÄ@·N¤@¦¸¹L¤ä¥I $100 ´«¨ú¨ìªá¶éªºÅv§Q¡C
¤½Àﻡ¡G¥unÅý¥¿«Ç¥H¡u¤@µ§¹L¦¬¶O¡v (lump-sum fee) ªº§Î¦¡¦¬¶O«K¥i¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¡C¤@¤è±¥¿«Ç¥i¥H¦¬¶O¡A¥t¤@¤è±¦m¤l¤´·|¨ìªá¶é
5 ¦¸¡A¹F¦Üªá¶éªº¤À°t®Ä²v (§Y MV = MC)¡C
»ù®æ¤Àª[ (Price discrimination)
¸gÀÙ¤j¦Ú·Q¤F·Q°Ý¡G¦pªG¨ä¥L¦m¤l¤]n¨D¨ìªá¶é¡A¦ý¦o̪ºÁ`»ùȧC©ó $100¡A¥i»ò¦oÌ«K¤£·|¨ìªá¶é¡A³Ì«áªá¶éªº¨Ï¥Î¤´¤£·|¹F¦Ü¤À°t®Ä²v¡C§Ú»{¬°ÁÙ¬O¥Hµ|¶µ¤ä¥I¤½Àï¤Ò¤H¦n¡A¦]¬°©Ò¦³¦m¤l³£¥i¨Ï¥Îªá¶é¡Aª½¦Ü¦o̹ïªá¶éªº
MV = 0 ¬°¤î¡C
¤½Àï¦^À³»¡¡GY¤£¦Pªº¦m¤l¹ïªá¶éªºÁ`»ùȤ£¦P¡A«KÅý¦oÌ¥I¤£¦Pªº¶O¥Î¡C°²Y¦m¤l¥ÒªºÁ`»ùÈ¥u¬O
$50¡A«KÅý¦o¤@µ§¹L¥I $50¡A¦Ó¦pªG¦m¤l¤AªºÁ`»ùȬO $30¡A«K¤@¦¸¹L¦¬¦o $30 ¦n¤F¡C³o¼Ë¤£¬O¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¤F¶Ü¡H
Á`µ²
Åý¦h¤@¤H¨É¥Î¦@¥Îª««~ªºÃä»Ú¦¨¥»¬O¹s (Marginal cost of serving an additional customer
is zero)¡CY¨Ï¥ÎÃä»Ú»ù®æ¦¬¶O©Î³æ¤@»ù®æ¦¬¶O (per-unit pricing)¡A¦Ó¦¬¶O¤j©ó¹s¡A«K·|¨Ï¦@¥Îª««~ªºÃä»Ú¨Ï¥Î»ùÈ (MV)
°ª©óÃä»Ú¨Ï¥Î¦¨¥»¡C¨Ï¦@¥Îª««~ªº¨Ï¥Î¶q´î¤Ö¦Ó¤£¯à¹F¦Ü¤À°t®Ä²v¡C
¦ýY¥H "lump-sum fee" ªº§Î¦¡¦¬¶O¡A¨Ã«ö¤£¦P¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤£¦PªºÁ`»ùȦ¬¶O¡A«K¤£·|´î¤Ö¦@¥Îª««~ªº¨Ï¥Î¶q¡C
·íµM¡A¤ä«ù¬F©²¤z¹wªº¤H©Î·|»¡¡G«ö¤£¦PÅU«È¦¬¨ú¤£¦Pªº¶O¥Î¦Ü¤Ö·|¼W¥[ij»ùªº¥æ©ö¶O¥Î¡A¦]¦¹¥¼¥²¥i¦æ¡C¦ý¦^¤ß¤@·Q¡G¦³½Ö¥i¥HªÖ©w¬F©²¤z¹wªº¶O¥Î¤@©w¸û§C¡H¤@©w¥i±a¨Ó§ó¤jªº±o¯q©O¡H
¦Ò¦Ò§A¡G
ÃD¤@¡G¹q¸£³n¥ó¬O§_¦@¥Îª««~¡H
³n¥ó¤½¥q±N³n¥óªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¥H "license" ªº§Î¦¡°â»P¤£¦P¾÷ºc¡A¦¹¥~¦³¨Ç¤½¥q·|¥H¯S´f»ù±N
"license" °â»P±Ð¨|¾÷ºc¡C½Ð¥H¦¹¸Ñµª¤U¦C¦UÃD¡G
ÃD¤G¡G³o¥i§_¨Ï±Ð¨|¾÷ºc±o¯q¡H
ÃD¤T¡G³o¥i§_¨Ï³n¥ó¤½¥q¦¬¨ú§ó°ªªº±o¯q¡H
ÃD¥|¡G³o¥i§_¨Ï³n¥óªºÁ`»ùÈ´£°ª¡H
(Econman 5 / 12 / 2000)